Critical thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Basic reasoning - Essay Example Another meaning of basic reasoning is that given by Michael Scriven and Richard Paul, in an introduction at the eighth Annual International Conference on Critical Thinking and Education Reform, Summer of 1987.They characterized basic intuition as the mentally trained method of dynamic and able conceptualization, application, examination and assessment of information gathered by watching, encountering, reflecting, thinking, and imparting, as a direction to accepting and acting. Paul and Elder (2008), characterizes the term as Critical suspecting as the perspective - about something, where the individual who is thinking builds up the nature of their intuition by being able when dealing with the structures associated with deduction and driving scholarly measures on them. In my comprehension, consequently, basic reasoning methods, breaking new ground, having imaginative considerations, and disguising the contemplations. Basic reasoning includes general scholarly qualities. Basic reasoning incorporates a few abilities. These aptitudes incorporate discernment, mindfulness, genuineness, receptiveness, order, and judgment. Judiciousness depends on the reality one is thinking basically when the person depends on reason and not feelings; when one requires demonstrate, not disregarding proof, and follow where the proof leads. Additionally being reasonable in basic reasoning is concerned more with concocting the legitimate method of clarifying other than being directly through investigation of obvious disarray and posing inquiries. Mindfulness in basic reasoning includes contrasting the impacts of thought processes and predisposition, acknowledgment of one’s presumptions, inclinations and perspective. Being straightforward in speculation basically, is clear when one perceives passionate driving forces, childish thought processes, loathsome purposes, or different methods of beguiling ones-self. One is thinking basically, with a receptive outlook when eve ry sensible deduction are assessed, contemplations of different perspectives or

The history of marijuana

The historical backdrop of pot Authentic records demonstrate that cannabis was utilized as lawful delicate in a few spots in America since it was an important and uncommon financial asset. Prior to 1937, it was legitimate to disperse pot for non-clinical reasons (Holland 142). After this date, the cannabis Tax Act was placed in place.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on The historical backdrop of maryjane explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The new law restricted weed conveyance. By the start of 1951, a base sentence for illicit appropriation of pot was built up by the Boggs Act (Fatout 345). This law has stayed in power until this date. Plus, the Operation Intercept was actualized by President Richard Nixon as an enemy of medication arrangement in 1969 (Baum 124). Since the hemp plant was totally lawful, even the United States’ Presidents like Thomas Jefferson and George Washington developed it in their own ranches. As indicated by different characters like Stephen King, â€Å"marijuana ought not exclusively be legal†¦it ought to be a cabin industry† (Stoned 187). This exposition investigates the discussions encompassing the authorization of cannabis. In spite of the fact that cannabis was broadly acknowledged by a few governments and people, it ought to be noticed that the greater part of it was utilized to produce garments materials (Holland 64). In addition, a significant huge volume of the harvests were transformed into clinical employments. As per the new arrangement of enactment, it was viewed as illicit to be found possessing 25 grams of pot. Whenever captured, the wrongdoer could be fined from as low as one hundred to 250 dollars (Fatout 164). The choice of being imprisoned for a particular period was likewise given relying upon the seriousness of the offense. Jimmy Carter once noticed that â€Å"I presently have supreme confirmation that smoking even one maryjane cigarette is equivalent in mind harm to being on Bikini Is land during a H-bomb blast† (Holland 135). In 1988, maryjane was pronounced as one of the most secure common herbs by Francis Young (Baum 89). He was the DEA judge in Washington He noticed that pot could be utilized as a helpful substance particularly in its characteristic structure. From that point forward, the laws administering the control of pot and its utilization have been fixed to make it awkward for clients to utilize and appropriate it uninhibitedly (Baum 173). On a similar note, there are a few offices and nongovernmental associations that have been set up to guarantee that the denial of maryjane stays in power. For example, DEA would one say one is of the organizations that have been on the cutting edge against any endeavors to authorize cannabis (Stoned 132).Advertising Looking for explore paper on wellbeing medication? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The DEA organization has consistently disproved any endeav ors to authorize cannabis (Baum 182). In 1994, an enemy of sanctioning gathering was held in Virginia for two successive days. Te gathering united delegates from both the private and open part. A portion of the predominant issues that were talked about in the gathering incorporated the accompanying: Who will cook for the clinical costs brought about in restoration of the medication addicts? Who will offer support to the propensity for the addicts? Who will provide food for the expenses of legitimizing cannabis, for example, the lawbreaker and social weights? (Baum 375) It was likewise noticed that the advocates of sanctioning of maryjane were utilizing the print and broad media so as to pass their thoughts over. A similar possibility was apparently being denied those against sanctioning. The voters in California figured out how to pass Proposition 215 out of 1996. This new proposition made it lawful to have certain base measures of weed in spite of the fact that the government has n ever upheld these enactments (Baum 340). In 2007, the endeavor to legitimize weed was minimized by the passage of Gordon Brown who took over as the head administrator of Britain after the exit of Tony Blair. Gordon referenced his goal to arrange cannabis into classification B (Fatout 174). Advocates of authorization have been setting throughout the years that the medication ought to be legitimized since it isn't addictive like those that are handled. Defenders who advocate for authorization see that even the past age utilized cannabis in a protected and sound manner. Imprint Twain once noticed that â€Å"what I battle is that my body is my own, at any rate I have generally so respected it. On the off chance that I do hurt through my exploring different avenues regarding it, it is I who endures, not the state (Fatout 386). Thus, backers of authorization of pot utilized this statement a few times to persuade the state specialists that it was upon the clients of pot to conclude whethe r to smoke it or not on the grounds that the state wouldn’t go at any misfortune. Accreditations of writers Baum has composed a few books, for example, the Citizen Coors: An American Dynasty (Morrow/HarperCollins, 2000) and Smoke and Mirrors: The War on Drugs and the Politics of Failure (Little, Brown 1996). He has likewise composed for the New York magazine as a staff author. Fatout has been an English mentor at Purdue University. A portion of his creations incorporate Mark Twains First Lecture: A Parallel (His Miscellanea), and Mr. Lincoln Goes to Washington. He kicked the bucket in 1982 and Mark Twain in Virginia City, Mark Twain on the Lecture Circuit, Meadow Lake: Gold Town. Holland has been a pro in psychopharmacology for long and furthermore a showing educator in the field of brain science. She has composed a few abstract works in this field.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on The historical backdrop of maryjane explicitly for you for just $16.0 5 $11/page Learn More When hostile to cannabis enactment was instituted, a few segments of the political class were energetically contradicted to the thought (Holland 76). For example, Dan Quayle who was a US delegate called attention to that the â€Å"congress should consider decriminalizing ownership of marijuanaWe should focus on indicting the attackers and thieves who are a hazard to society (Baum 356). The last was like a feeling that was resounded by Abraham Lincoln on the illegalization of weed that â€Å"a restriction law strikes a blow at the very standards whereupon our administration was founded.† According to the Gallup survey that was directed in October 2011, the authorization of cannabis was upheld by half of the populace while another 46% noticed that it ought to be denied (Holland 61). The National Drug Control Policy office in the US brought up that it didn't bolster the sanctioning of weed. This occurred following the 2012 presidential races (Stoned 76). B aum, Dan. Deliberate misdirection: The War on Drugs and the Politics of Failure. Boston: minimal Brown, 1996. Print. Fatout, Paul (ed.). Imprint Twain Speaking. Lowa: University of Lowa Press, 1776. Print. Holland, Julie (ed.). The Pot Book: A Complete Guide to Cannabis. Rochester: Park Street Press, 2010. Print. Lincoln, Abraham.U.S. President Speech to Illinois House of Representatives.Advertising Searching for inquire about paper on wellbeing medication? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More n.d. Web. Jan. 16 2013. Stoned, Michael. Weed: 420 Things You Didnt Know (or Remember) about Cannabis. Avon: Adams Media, 2009. Print. Baum has composed a few books, for example, the Citizen Coors: An American Dynasty (Morrow/HarperCollins, 2000) and Smoke and Mirrors: The War on Drugs and the Politics of Failure (Little, Brown 1996). He has likewise composed for the New York magazine as a staff author. Fatout has been an English mentor at Purdue University. A portion of his creations incorporate Mark Twains First Lecture: A Parallel (His Miscellanea), and Mr. Lincoln Goes to Washington. He passed on in 1982 and Mark Twain in Virginia City, Mark Twain on the Lecture Circuit, Meadow Lake: Gold Town. Holland has been an authority in psychopharmacology for long and furthermore a showing educator in the field of brain science. She has composed a few scholarly works in this field.

Exciting Ways to Know More

Exciting Ways to Know More ECE Seminar As an undergraduate for our ECE program, I have been to many ECE seminars called ECE Explorations, which are designed for everyone to know more about recent research progresses and new technologies in various areas. The speakers are all great, and sometimes could be super popular. For example, they invited Nvidia’s CEO Jensen Huan, and if you happened to be in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Building on that afternoon, you would see such a long line waiting to meet him. The best part is, we are not only treated by trending knowledge, but also get free pizza at the end. During the lunar new year, we can even get authentic Chinese food after the talk, and it is definitely one with the highest attendance rate. Events usually happen on Wednesdays from 5 to 7 p.m., so mark your calendar and get hungry for science! NCSA Seminar Two weeks ago, I heard about this talk by Dr. Wendy Chun about Proxy Politics. I was quite interested in it since there are many topics I have had research experience on such as facial recognitions and social networks. The talk was pretty awesome, and Dr. Chun gave audiences a totally different way to look at social media, and how the past can change the future. In order to get more information about those high-quality talks, we can just simply check NCSA’s calendar for events. Savvy Researcher Workshops Recently, a Ph.D student in my research group recommended this series of workshops for us. It involves a lot of useful topics such as data management, preparation for a poster session, version control … Most workshops are proved a couple times on different dates, so the time is flexible and the cost is free. I am thinking about going to the workshop called “An introduction to Prezi” because I have tired of PowerPoints and would love to try something new. For more information about them, please click the following link from our university library. http://illinois.edu/calendar/list/4068 Connie Class of 2018 I am double majoring in Computer Engineering in the College of Engineering and Statistics in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. My hometown is a historical and peaceful city called Suzhou, located in southeastern China.

The Friar s A Friar - 1152 Words

Margaret Morrow Abel British Literature 27 October 2015 The Friar A friar is a simple man whose job was to beg from the poor and give to the Roman Catholic Church. The friar takes as much as one would need to live a humble life and offers the rest for the better of the church and poor. In the Roman Catholic Church a friar is considered a monk, and therefore expected to be fair and reserved. However, Chaucer describes the friar, or Hubert, in a sarcastic tone exposing his corrupt ways to only profiting himself from the poor. The Friar is a happy and cheerful person, with a pleasant personal demeanor. Although his position in the clergy limits him to receive his needs by begging within the area he resides, he lives a very lavish and unrestrained life â€Å"without cause or reason he does what he wants without regard to anyone else† (208-209). Of the four religious orders he has the smoothest manners and linguistic abilities. Because of his cheerful disposition and personality he is very well liked in his area and enjoyed performing weddings and spending time with the ladies; â€Å"the community was fond of him and especially with the more affluent and well to do landowners and woman† (212-216). He considered himself very good in the duty of confessional even better than those in the church that that is their sole purpose and duty. He was fully licensed and took the sins of his community with gentle and kind regard; â€Å"he freed them from their sin with compassion and removed all fearS how MoreRelatedThe Friar s Tale Of Geoffrey Chaucer s Canterbury Tales Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pagesideas and roles of the Catholic Church. The Summoner thinks that the Friar is excessively greedy and in his tale he shows the Friar’s actions. According to Reiff, â€Å"The Summoner wants to show the hypocrisy of friars who pretend to be poor and lowly but really live off the wealth of the land.† Before the tale even begins, the Summoner starts to criticize friars in his prologue. He says that the worst spot in Hell is reserved for friars – underneath the tail of Satan himself. The Summoner believes thatRead MoreWilliam Chaucer s The Friar s Tale1500 Words   |  6 Pagesis most laborious, you see; and therefore by extortion do I live† (162-165). Hallissy agrees when he states, â€Å"When Geoffrey comments that the friar likes the company of such people better than that of lepers and beggars†¦such worldly values are inappropriate in a follower of Christ†. (Hallissy 33). By hanging out with those of higher status, the friar proves that he is not carrying out his vows. Hallissy suggests that the summoner, who should be a model for the community, is immoral. He agreesRead MoreCharacter Analysis on Friar Lawrence in Shakespeare ´s Romeo and Juliet794 Words   |  4 Pagescharacteristics. One of these characters is Friar Lawrence, a Franciscan monk who is an expert in plants and medicines. While the Friar does not appear in all parts of the play, he acts as an advisor to Romeo and Juliet and gets them married. Being an honest, trustworthy, and loving friend, Friar Lawrence helps keep Romeo and Juliet together while maintaining his character and not acting dual-sided or having a second nature. Throughout the later parts of the play, Friar Lawrence’s characterization remainsRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Romeo And Juliet By William Shakespeare976 Words   |  4 Pagesthe stars-crossed lovers as they fall in love instantly. Friar Lawrence is the priest who married the couple. He marries them in hopes that the two families will reconcile. Friar Lawrence develops the plan to give Juliet a potion which will make her seem dead, since Juliet did not want to marry Paris, who was the person that Juliet s father wanted her to marry. Friar Lawrence would then send a letter to Romeo about Juliet s fake death. Friar Lawrence is a notable character because he marries RomeoRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet957 Words   |  4 Pagesand Juliet s death,But Friar Lawrence seems to hold the most blame.The tragedy is caused by an Individual sense,This can be proved because Friar Lawrence creates many mistakes in the play and thinks only for himself,resulting in the tragedy. One way that ‘Romeo and Juliet’ demonstrates that Friar Lawrence is responsible for the deaths is when he asks Friar John to deliver a letter. The letter needs to be delivered to Mantua because of Romeo s recent banishment for killing Juliet s cousin TybaltRead MoreFate Of William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet999 Words   |  4 PagesFate in Romeo and Juliet In modern times, and in the Elizabethan era, fate plays an important role in people s lives. Many people believe it to be written in stone, and unchangeable. Many others believe it to be controlled by a person s own actions. In Romeo and Juliet, fate is one of the main themes, described as having power over many of the events in the play. Fate is often called upon, wondered about, and blamed for mishaps. However, where fate is blamed in the Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1325 Words   |  6 Pagesa case. In this case though the Friar mislead these kids Romeo and Juliet where they shouldn’t have been lead. In Shakespeare’s â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, Friar Lawrence’s impulsive decisions contributes to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. First off, in beginning of the play the the families the Montague’s and the Capulet’s have had a total of three brawls (Shmoop Editorial Team 1). The families fighting has led to people despising them including Friar Laurence. Friar Laurence was a priest of the townRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1326 Words   |  6 Pagessome degree. But Friar Laurence, a man of the church and a good friend of Romeo, is most responsible for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Despite other characters actions, Friar Laurences failure to notify Romeo of his plan, marrying them secretly, and his advice to both Romeo and Juliet played the biggest role in their deaths. From the very minute the Friar is introduced he immediately begins to make decisions that will impact the rest of the story. In Act 2 Scene 3 the Friar says, â€Å"In one respectRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1709 Words   |  7 PagesFriar Lawrence plays a major role in the play â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, and he is one of the key characters that make this play by William Shakespeare the renowned romantic tragedy that it is. In Italy during the 1400’s – 1500’s religion played a strong and influential part of society. Holy men known as Friars were therefore very trusted and respected. Anointed by God they lead a life of permanent commitment and were bound by vows of poverty, obedience, chastity and a life of prayer. The Franciscan FriarRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet975 Words   |  4 Pagestriumph die; like fire and powder† (II.VI.9-10). Friar Lawrence aforementioned those magnificent words, in William Shakespeareâ₠¬â„¢s arguably most popular play â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†. Lawerence’s parts a monk who completes tasks such as confessions and marriages in the community. Friar Lawrence can be recognized as being knowledgeable beyond belief but sometimes gets carried away. Friar Lawrence, a man of many qualities displays wisdom, meddling, and affability. Friar Lawrence exhibits wisdom on a day-to-day basis

Fourth Amendment Search and Seizure - 1010 Words

The United States Constitution affords all people certain rights. The Fifth Amendment states that we have the right against self incrimination. The Fourth Amendment protects us from unreasonable search or seizure. People have the right to confront witnesses and accusers. Nothing can change these rights unless the U.S. constitutions were to be rewritten and that is not likely to happen. In this paper we will be examining the Fourth Amendment, learning the requirements for obtaining a search warrant, defining probable cause, describing when search and seizure does not require a warrant. We will also explain the rationale for allowing warrantless searches, examine the persuasiveness of these reasons, and determine if probable cause is always†¦show more content†¦In exigent circumstances a warrant is not necessary to conduct a search if the circumstances at the time of the search are necessary to prevent physical harm, the concealment or destruction of evidence, or the escape of a suspect and there is not enough time to obtain a search warrant beforehand (codes of criminal procedure, n.d.). Probable cause is defined as a reasonable belief that a crime has been committed, that evidence is at the place being sear5ched or on the person being searched, or that a specific person is believed to have committed, is committing, or will commit a certain crime. Law enforcement cannot just go to a judge and say they have probable cause for a warrant. To obtain a warrant law enforcement needs something to substantiate their belief. The standard for probable cause to be met is for any reasonable person to believe based on the evidence or observations presented that indeed either a suspect has or is engaging in criminal activity, or that evidence exists at a certain location. Not all searches require probable cause to be established. The exception to the probable cause is reasonable suspicion. An example of this is a customs search. A custom search requires no warrant or probable cause be presented. But if a custom agent is going to detain a traveler for an extendedShow MoreRelatedFou rth Amendment : Search And Seizure963 Words   |  4 PagesFourth Amendment: Search and Seizure The Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure was passed by Congress on September 25, 1789 and ratified December 15, 1791. The Fourth Amendment provides, [t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the personsRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment : A Search And Seizure Reasonable?2135 Words   |  9 PagesWhen is a search and seizure reasonable? John Vile clearly explains the origination of the Fourth Amendment and why it was created at the time of the creation of the Constitution,  ¨Like the amendment that precedes it, the Fourth Amendment was largely motivated by abuses of the British when they ruled America. They had used general warrants, or so-called writs of assistance, in tracking down customs violations in the colonies. A number of states subsequently adopted provisions against such warrantsRead MoreAssignment Sub Heading : Fourth Amendment Right On Search And Seizure877 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment sub-heading: Fourth Amendment Right to search and seizure TITLE AND CITATION: Arizona v. Johnson, 555 U.S. 323 (2209) TYPE OF ACTION: This is a criminal case, did officers Trevizo violate the Fourth Amendment s protection against unreasonable searches and seizures during a routine traffic stop for suspended registration. Johnson was search even after he comply with officer Trevizo’s command. The Arizona Supreme Court denied review. We granted certiorari, and now reverse the judgmentRead MoreSearch and Seizure The purpose for the Fourth Amendment is to protect people from intrusion of the600 Words   |  3 PagesSearch and Seizure The purpose for the Fourth Amendment is to protect people from intrusion of the government in areas where they have a reasonable expectation of privacy. It prohibits searches and seizures unless they are conducted with probable cause and under reasonable circumstances. â€Å"The Fourth Amendment only protects against searches and seizures conducted by the government or pursuant to governmental direction. Surveillance and investigatory actions taken by strictly private persons, suchRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment Protects Citizens From Unreasonable Search And Seizure Of Property1435 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fourth Amendment protects citizens from unreasonable search and seizure of property. This ensures that the government cannot take a private citizen’s property without their consent, a warrant or probable cause. The Fifth Amendment protects private property in two ways. The first, it ensures that a person cannot be deprived of private property without due process of law. This means that if the government is to seize private property they must compensate the owner for the property being seizedRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment And The Fourteenth Amendment987 Words   |  4 PagesCitizens are protected by two constitutional amendments, under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, any search of a person or his premises (including a vehicle), and any seizure of tangible evidence, must be reasonable. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularlyRead MoreThe Poisonous Tree1065 Words   |  5 PagesReasonableness Introduction Most of us have seen things that officers or other Law agency have done to other individual and have stated that it was either an unreasonable search and seizure of items that was found on or in the individuals’ car, house, etc., but why would they consider it unreasonable? This usually ends up being a problem for individuals who do not understand the law or how it applies to certain situations. This learner will address the definition of what unreasonable means, whichRead MoreImagine You Are On A Family Road Trip You Drive Through1403 Words   |  6 PagesEither the officer wants to search your vehicle or arrest you. Is the question this legal or illegal for the officer to do? I believe that search and seizure are ethical because it protects citizens from an unlawful entry and provides protection for law enforcement in case a person is dangerous or to provide evidence to use in a criminal case in court. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated,Read MoreExclusionary Rule : The Rule889 Words   |  4 PagesThe exclusionary rule protects the rights of the people under the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments, and requires evidence obtained directly or indirectly as a result of government violations cannot be used as proof of guilt in a court of law [1] The U. S. Const. amend. IV, states that the rights of the people are to be secure in their homes and person, papers and effects, shall not be violated by unreasonable search and seizure, and no warrants shall be issued unless it is supported by probableRead MoreShould The Police Search The House Without A Warrant?1503 Words   |  7 Pageshallucinations. The police arrive at the house where the party is at due multiple calls about drugs and minors. They want to search the house and take a look around but you know there are drugs here and alcohol plus minors. Would it be okay if the police search the house without a warrant? Is this legal or illegal in this situation? I believe that under viable circumstances search and seizure is ethical because it protects citizens from an unlawful entry and provides protection for law enforcement in case

Compare and Contrast Essay- Racism - 742 Words

Compare and Contrast Essay- Racism Compare to racism of Jim Crow South in the 1930s, the racism of today is different, but also similar in some ways. The way they are similar is the cases by racism of both time periods. Even as the time passing by, violence caused by racism still keeps happening. The difference they have is that the Jim Crow Laws caused segregation between colored people and white people in the south, but there’s no separation in nowadays anymore. Also, the place of colored people is quite different in nowadays. The similarity between racism of Jim Crow Laws and of today is that there are still violent events happening because of the racism. In the time period of Jim Crow Laws, much of the colored people didn’t have†¦show more content†¦In nowadays, colored people don’t get separated anymore. All the limitations on colored people had been cancelled since the death of Jim Crow Laws in 1950s. As the Jim Crow Laws turned out, colored people gained equal but separated rights with white people. In fact, it was not equal since separated, because colored people had to be in a lower level in the society. It then, ends up by the death of the Jim Crow Laws, and colored people started to gain equal rights as the white people do. Now, they have the exact same rights, such as voting, schools, marriages, public services. That is very different from the time period of Jim Crow Laws. Another difference is that the colored people class has a better place in the society than in the 1930s. Our president Obama, for example, is a big improvement in the history of African American in the U.S.. He shows his competence and makes people rethink the place and abilities of the black people in the society. It was impossible for a black man to have a job in the government during the 1930s, but it is not in nowadays. Also, there are laws stated that protect the rights of colored people. In people’s mind during 1900s, people with colored skins are always in a class lower than white man. Their impressions on colored people are incompetent, poor, cowardly and not educated. The place of colored people started to change since the death of Jim Crow Laws. People started to gain clearShow MoreRelatedCritical Criticism Of Huck Finn903 Words   |  4 Pagesan informed reader he may appear racist and uneducated, but he is one of the most beloved and kindest character in the book. In my opinion Twain’s use of humor, satire, and irony in the book was to cover up or draw attention away from the uses of racism and other social issues that were around at the time the book was written. He also used religion and superstition in this book, he explored ideas of morality and dogmatic belief. By doing this he was opening himself up for negative reviews, becauseRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Bell Hooks 1077 Words   |  5 PagesPersuasion is a key focus in many essays, stories, commercials, and other forms of media. There are many methods to this, one of which is rhetorical devices. Bell hooks, the author of Feminism is for Everybody, writes to persuade the reader to her own cause: feminism. She uses rhetorical devices, which can be used to persuade—or dissuade—readers in comparison to the writer’s own point of view. Division is a strategy which is used to convey the meaning of a word or a phrase to the reader. Hooks usesRead MoreLEQ1206 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Kevin Wang Mr. Nicholson AP US History, P.2 3 December 2014 LEQ 2.1.I.B: Comparison Question: Compare and contrast the time period prior to the development of the Atlantic slave trade and the time period right after its introduction and assess the impact of its emergence. To what extent did African slavery change American society? You may want to consider social, economic, and geographical. Prior to the Atlantic slave trade, the arable land along the South Atlantic seaboard were owned by wealthRead MoreComparison of Two Personal Narratives1264 Words   |  6 Pagesliving in a society and the theme of racism, social segregation and class systems is often written on. For this assignment I have chosen to compare two personal narratives; The Myth of the Latin Women by Judith Cofer and Outcasts in Salt Lake City by James Weldon Johnson. Both essays cover the struggle of ethnic minorities and individuals who are at the lower end of the social spectrum, as they struggle to integrate themselves into the mainstream. Though both essays have a common theme the struggleRead MoreDjango Untrained Analysis1525 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the historical significance of Tarantino’s Django Unchained? Racism has been a prevalent issue throughout the history of the United States. From the introduction of slaves to the â€Å"New World† in the 17th century to the killing of innocent black individuals by police officers today, racism has defined this country. Director Quentin Tarantino, in his spaghetti western film Django: Unchained, addressed this issue. The film features a black slave who is freed at and sets out on a revenge missionRead MoreAfrican American Social Activists Of The Nineteenth Century875 Words   |  4 Pages One of the leading African American social activists of the nineteenth century, W. E. B. Du Bois, in his essay The Conservation of Races asked himself: â€Å"If I strive as a Negro, am I not perpetuating the very cleft that threatens and separates Black and White America?† It is one question in a line of introspections that serves to ask of himself, of the African American community, of Americans as a whole, what role race, blood, and heredity h ave in this country. Du Bois later addresses his fury ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Am I Blue 882 Words   |  4 PagesElephant by George Orwell; these are common issues the authors have to deal with. Being called a beast when an unwanted situation occurred was full of emotions. Having to refer back to slavery or experiencing racism and being considered a hero by completing an obligated act wasn’t easy. Both essays face a racial status and animal rights, but they’re different because in Orwell’s story he is seen as a hero for the actions he performs. Blue is the horse of freedom who then turns into a beast in Am IRead MoreEssay on Compare Contrast a Raisin in the Sun1026 Words   |  5 PagesFrontina Taylor English Comp II Jaime Barrett Compare and Contrast A Raisin In The Sun Essay In the play, A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry, and 1961 movie written by Lorraine Hansberry and presented by Columbia pictures, one of the most important themes is the American Dream. Many of the characters have hopes and dreams. They all strive towards their goals throughout. However, many of the characters have different dreams that clash with each other. Problems seem toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Django Unchained 1275 Words   |  6 Pagessound, music and mise-en-scene, this essay will investigate the ideology of Racism in film. OxfordDictionaries.com describes racism as â€Å"Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one’s own race is superior.† When we, the audience think of racism in film, we traditionally think of movies for adults and often overlook the sinister aspect of racism in children’s films. I have chosen to contrast a recent R-rated film with a G-rated Dis neyRead MoreThe Knife1115 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysisThis  essay Short Stories- amp;Quot;The Knifeamp;Quot; By Judah Waten Textual Analysis  is available for you on Essays24.com! Search Term Papers, College Essay Examples and Free Essays on Essays24.com - full papers database. Autor:  Ã‚  anton  Ã‚  24 November 2010Tags:   StoriesWords:  2398  Ã‚  Ã‚  |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pages:  10Views:  1338Save essay in my profilePrintable Version Essay:Please  Upgrade your account  to read the full essay. ---------------- Essays24.com  is one of the most comprehensive databases of essays, term

Concerns on Societal Social Lives by Different Organizations

Question: Concerns on Societal Social Lives by Different Type Organizations? Answer: Introduction A central theme refers to a unifying theme that cuts across all topics or articles under consideration. It is a theme found to have been discussed in all the writings under study. The central theme identified after the analysis of the case study and the theoretical perspectives is The role of different institutions in relation to improvement of the social lives of the society.In the article about corporate social responsibility, the origin of corporate social responsibility emergence is traced back to 1950s in the USA corporate social responsibility. During that time, businesses that were perceived to be socially responsible did try to make the society better through different activities such as charity donations offering services to the community and improving the welfare of the society. The influential people of that time tried by all means to persuade the managers in various business sectors to value good conduct and help the society out of any social problem that emerged good management. Many writings have been published and their title reflects ideas of how to manage organizations in the current complex world and these all emphasize on people living good lives. In the article as much as many writers advocated for social responsible by businesses, some warned against its misuse claiming tat some managers may misuse corporate social responsibility. A scholar by the name Johnson 1958 said that man has two faces or nature; the angelic nature and the devil nature. The angel nature in man utilizes business to serve a social purpose while the evil part may misuse corporate power and responsibility n that the managers may emphasize on their socially responsible idea to be function yet such philosophy may be just benefiting them to maintain power and continue oppressing the citizens. (Henry, 2009) The second article that discusses about improvement of social lives is the non-profit article. The non profit organizations may help improve social lives in different ways as discussed below. The first strategy is service provision; always, the government programs are large-scale in nature and uniform. On profit organizations can play vital roles in the society that both the government and profit-oriented organizations are not willing to perform or not able. Non profit organization may also act as change agents in that they are always and mostly the first people to embrace and utilize new ideas .If the new ideas and innovations promoted by the non profit become successful, other service providers especially the government institutions may end up adopting and businesses sell them as new products in the market Businesses and the government may also fail to guard the rights of the society due to different factors but the non profit organization comes in to help guard rights such freedom of worship, ideological rights, and political, cultural and social rights. The outcome of this is a meaningful democracy in the nation that may promote fairness. The critical and postmodernism theories were developed to counteract the contemporary society in which industrial and science have been emphasized too much to extend of ignoring the social aspects of the societies. The two theories emphasize on social development of the society. According to the theories, social aspects in the society matters a lot in the development. (Inic and Bugarcic, 2015) Discussion of the topics Structural perspective In most cases, much of the writings used to link organizational structure to performance are divided into two major parts. The first one being the formal structure i.e. the hierarchy of authority or the organization of the relationship and extend of standardization, specialization and formalization. The second division is the informal structure which entails a channel of interpersonal and the relationships within the organization. The structural perspective has the following assumptions; that organizations are formed to accomplish certain objectives and goals as well as to increase efficiency and improve performance through specialization and suitable division of labor. When ones decisions are rational, especially the personal agendas, the organization works best. When designing the structures, one should consider the current circumstances of the organization for instance technology, workforce and the goals and the objectives of the organization. The last assumption is that when prob lems emerge, the performance of an organization is adversely affected because of its failure on how it is structured. (Marr, 2012) The power political perspective This theoretical perspective views organization from a political angle. The political frame views organizations as roiling arenas hosting ongoing contests of individual and group interests. Five propositions summarize the perspective and its assumptions are as follows; One is that organizations are coalitions of various individuals and groups whose members have enduring differences in terms of values, beliefs, information and a common perception of reality. In this perspective, the most important decisions made are about the allocation of scare resources. This means that there is some conflict over the little available resources. Because every individual is interested in having the scarce resources, there emerges conflict over these scarce resources. According to this perspective, it is only the powerful people in the society who can be advantaged in terms of resource acquisition and therefore people fight to be in power in order to be able to dominate over others and quire materials The systems perspective According to this perspective, organizations are viewed as open systems that come into contact with the environment and in the process; they continually adapt and improve as they interact with the environment. The theory holds that the influence between the environment and organizations is two way. That is, organizations influence and are influenced by the environment in which they operate. In order to survive, organizations are required to adjust to accommodate changes in the external environment. Just a system cannot function when part of it fails or changes, the same applies to organizations in that organizations are internally connected and interdependent. A change in one component changes the whole system. Gender perspective The gender perspective in relation to organizational studies tries to reveal the normative construction and politics of knowledge related to gender and sexuality; its main aim being liberation. Unlike other common explanations of gender on the basis of male-female, is perspective goes beyond this and holds the idea that gender is not only with bodies an power but also with the politics of knowledge, and therefore with organizations as containers of different bodies and sexualities, as platforms of power and knowledge, organization theory as a system of knowledge representation (Gherardi 2003 in Tsoukas (ed .This thoritical attempte to describe man and woman on different basis. The first ne is the body in that a woman is biologically described on her sexuality and capacity to bear children. Basing on society, culture or politics, gender is determined by the social construction of gender and gender roles. Lastly on the basis of language is that practices and activities used t define a woman are fiction and are sine time immemorial been situated in power relations. The private sector The first example of private sector is Apple, an American multinational technology company headquartered in California that designs, develops and sells consumer electronics, computer software and online services. Volkswagen is a German automaker .It is the flagship marquee of the Volkswagen group. Wells Fargo is a an American international banking and financial services holding company .In its present form, the company was formed by merging San Francisco- based Wells and Minneapolis-based Northwest Corporation. Uber is another example of private sector .It is a transportation network company in the USA. It develops markets and operates Uber car transportation and food delivery mobile apps. (Zgrzywa-Ziemak, 2015) Non profit organizations Non profit organizations are formed with an aim f providing humanitarian assistance and services that both the government and the profit-oriented sectors are not able and willing to provide. The first example of such bodies is YMCA, Amnesty international an organization that focuses on human rights .Its main aim is to research and carry out action to prevent and eradicate human rights abuses, fight for justice that have been ignored and violated. Other organizations of the same kind are the international Red Cross and Red Crescent society, RSPCA ns Medecins Sans Frontiers. Non profit organizations have played important roles in societies especially in social development. International organizations International organizations are the organizations with international membership, presence and scope. These organizations help the member states in different ways for example financial, social, political and humanitarian assistance. Examples are IMF responsible for provision of financial assistance to the members states. Other examples are United Nations, World Bank Group, World Trade Organization and World Health Organization. (STUDY ON THE VALUE ADDITION IN ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE, 2014) References Henry, O. (2009). Organisational Conflict and its Effects on Organisational Performance. Research Journal of Business Management, 3(1), pp.16-24. Inic, B. and Bugarcic, M. (2015). Management trends: Internationalization of non-profit organizations. Tehnika, 70(5), pp.859-865. Kambi, B. (2012). Team Work For Business Organization Perfomance. Saarbru?cken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. Kostetska, I. and Berezyak, I. (2014). Social entrepreneurship as an innovative solution mechanism of social problems of society. Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development, 36(3), pp.567-577. Marr, B. (2012). Managing and delivering performance. London: Routledge, Taylor Francis Group. STUDY ON THE VALUE ADDITION IN ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE. (2014). ELK Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resource Management and Organisational Behaviour. Zgrzywa-Ziemak, A. (2015). The Impact of Organisational Learning on Organisational Performance. Management and Business Administration. Central Europe, 23(4), pp.98-112.

Bio Essays (830 words) - Japanese American Internment,

Bio The internment of Japanese Americans in the United States was the forced relocation and incarceration during World War II of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese who lived on the Pacific coast in camps in the interior of the country. Sixty-two percent of the internees were United States citizen. The U.S. government ordered the removal of Japanese Americans in 1942, shortly after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. Such incarceration was applied unequally due to differing population concentrations and, more importantly, state and regional politics: more than 110,000 Japanese Americans, nearly all who lived on the West Coast, were forced into interior camps, but in Hawaii, where the 150,000-plus Japanese Americans comprised over one-third of the population, only 1,200 to 1,800 were interned. The forced relocation and incarceration has been determined to have resulted more from racism and discrimination among whites on the West Coast, rather than any military danger posed by the J apanese Americans. The case eventually made it to the U.S. Supreme Court; a year earlier, the court had upheld the constitionality of curfews for Japanese-Americans in Yaqui v. United States and Hirabayashi v. United States. The cases served as the foundation for the Korematsu case, with the justices ruling 6-3 to uphold his arrest and internment. A majority of people feel that the Government acted upon the Japanese Canadians unfairly using segregation, discrimination and prejudice, to separate them from the rest of Canada. Many people have observed that even before the war the Government treated the Japanese unfairly, by not granting them citizenship even though they were born there. Many other unfair disadvantages were put upon the Japanese before and during World War II. This is only one side of the story and only one of the many positions that should be looked at. Many other sides, perspectives, and aspects should also be looked at before making judgment on what happened, how it happened and why the Japanese Internment happened. The Canadian Government might have acted fairly upon the Japanese considering the situation, but as said before there are many other sides, perspectives and aspects to the Japanese Internment. This is a situation that has been discussed in the past and will continue to be talked about in the future . The Japanese Internment is a big part of Canada's past, and history. The mistakes of World War II will help Canada grow and learn how to act in similar situations in the future. In a way the Internment has helped Canada a great deal, giving Canada experience, and know after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 federal authorities forced 120,000 men, women, and children of Japanese ancestry into internment camps, equating ethnicity with collective guilt. More recently and for many years, African Americans, Latinos, and others have complained that they are subject to unwarranted police scrutiny in their cars and on the streets. Their complaints have often been ignored. Throughout its long and torturous history, the practice of racial and ethnic profiling has been a thorn in police-community relations, fostering distrust and tension where trust and cooperation could feasibly prevail. Longstanding practices of profiling notwithstanding, by the mid-1990s but before the events of September 11 police and lawmakers were beginning to acknowledge that racial profiling exists and to condemn it as wrong. The American public, too, was increasingly aware of the existence and inappropriateness of profiling. In 2000, for example, approximately 80 percent of Americans surveyed indicated that they had heard of racial profiling and expressed the opinion that it should be stopped. Reflecting the growing awareness among policy makers and the public, the Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice began to sue local police departments where it found egregious patterns and practices of racial and ethnic profiling. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, shattered the emerging public consensus that racial and ethnic profiling is wrong and should be eliminated. Less than a month after the attacks, a majority of Americans surveyed supported greater scrutiny of Arabs. Indeed, most white, black, and other nonwhite Americans expressed support of profiling of Arabs at airports and of requiring Arabs to carry special identification cards. Although profiling of Arabs and Muslims was a concern before 9/11, its scope

buy custom Hostile Takeovers essay

buy custom Hostile Takeovers essay Introduction Hostile takeovers have over the years taken the role of keeping corporate management in check. This is because to add the shareholders value, corporate raiders often change the management team once the buyout is complete. For this reason, hostile takeovers often solicit negative reactions from target corporate management. Corporations when taken over through buyouts are restructured to enhance wealth. Hostile takeovers can be described as unsolicited purchase of one firm by another. The buyer is referred to as the acquirer or the bidder, while the company that is bought out is referred to as the target. Unlike friendly takeovers where a buyout often ends improving the corporate status of the buyer and target in hostile takeovers not both corporations end up better off. Schwert ( 2000 ) argues that hostile bids are often perceived as threats by the targeted companies. Because of this negative perception the target management reacts defensively towards the unsolicited bid. Schwert ( 20 00 ) further argues that hostile take overs can be beneficial to the shareholders when redudant management teams are replaced, since operations improve.In a hostile takeovers the details of buyout can be made become public by either the buyer or the target. The buyer can make his bid public in order to force the negotiation. The target firm on the other hand, can make the details public in bid to resist the take over. The target can also go public in order to solicit multiple bids and push for better prices. Given such undertakings, hostile takeovers often attract both negative and a positive perception from the various stakeholders. However ,in cases where the takeover threats increase the companys share prices,such news is often welcomed by the shareholders and other market players. Buyers often go public with their intention to takeover the target ,when private negotiations fail. They can also go public if they perceive their offer being rejected. By making their intentions publi c ,buyers put pressure on target firms managers by informing the target firms shareholders of their options. When the details of the offer become public target management teams can use the information as a means of attracting better offers. Targets, therefore, the publicity that often accompany takeover threats, to attract better prices. In the process the target management team can get better offers from other bidders. Problem statement Hostile takeovers can be used to ckeck management excess in corporations,However, this role is often curtailed by the interest that drives the hostile takeover bid. Hostile takeovers can ,therefore ,be beneficial or disadvantageous to shareholders. Briefly define the concept of corporate governance In the modern world corporations have become powerful dominant entities with tentacles in each corner of the planet. Today business are seen to be more powerful that governments. Indeed, governments are nowadays perceived to be serving the interest of the corporate world. For this reason most corporation seek more power by increasing their operation and entering new markets. This has seen more corporations use the various tools available to them to enlarge the range of their business. This is especially so, in this era of globalization where successful corporations have operations in all corner of the globe. This means that in the last few decades, business organizations have acquired rivals, merged with competition and taken over vulnerable completion in a bid to catch up with the globalization frenzy. As such the global business environment has turned into an arena of intense competition, where it is fair play to exploit all weaknesses of competing entities. In addition, all the av enues available to ensure competitive advantage is maintained are exploited. These include management strategies intended to run corporations more efficiently and reduce costs so as to maximize profitability. The current business environment, therefore, has been increasingly getting competitive forcing business to adopt various strategies to remain ahead of their competition. Gompers, Ishii, Metrick ( 2003) argue that in order to survive, business organizations today require corporate management strategies, which will see them remain competitive. This has seen various organizations adopt varied strategies to survive. One of the most touted strategies is the good corporate governance strategy. Corporate governance entails making a decision and implementing the best choices. Most corporations today have wider ownership, which leaves the management teams with the roles of overseeing the organization on behalf of their many shareholders. These roles, of overseeing the day to day runnin g of organizations are entrusted to management teams who act on behalf of shareholders by making the necessary decisions and overseeing their implementation. Caton and Goh ( 2009) argue that managers are agents who oversee the daily running of organizations on behalf of the shareholders. To secure the interest of their varied owners, managers employ corporate governance strategies that add value to their shareholders investiment. Corporate governance can be reffered to as the process of making and implementing the best decisions in organization. This process as mentioned earlier ,is entrusted to management teams, whose role is to direct organizations on behalf of the shareholders. However ,the corporate governance strategies that organizations employ can vary from one corporation to the next. Corporate governance operates on the principle that managers or shareholders agents, will act in the best way that brings maximum value to their shareholder investiment. This therefore means that ,Corporate governance can be defined in a number of ways and may differ from one organization to the next (Jensen Meckling, 1976). The principles that govern corporate governance ,however largerly remain the same. So ,despite various definations the function of corporate governance is to oversee the competent running of organizations. By observing the laws governing the various states they operate in, a the regulatory framework guiding the operations of the organization. Moreover ,most coporations today have set objectivesand goals that are outlined in their vision and mission statement. Corporate governance entails fulfilling the set goals ensuring that an organizations mission is fulfilled while observing the corporate culture adopted. One such defination is by OECD ,according to their defination corporate governance is a set of relationship between an organizations management, the organizations board ,the stakeholders and the organization shareholders (Bhimani, 2008). They view these relationships as providing the structural framework in an organization, to enable its achieve the organizations set objectives. The relationship also involves monitoring the performance to determine whether the objectives are met. Although, the stakeholders such as suppliers and creditors are often recognized ,corporate governance is mostly seen as related to shareholders and managers (Scharfstein, 1988). According to Bhim ani (2008) managers are driven by self interest and at time undertake huge risks. On the other hand, he argues that the shareholders are only interested in maximum returns. Given such behaviour ,it is possible to understand why large corporations fail. Management team can fail to achieve an organizations set objectives for several reasons. Such reasons include, immense pressure to deliver their shareholders expectations, therefore, undertaking risky projects. Self serving behaviour, can also lead to failure especially if managers acts for their benefit, rather, than serving the interest of their shareholders. To ensure that shareholders and stakeholders are not undercharged, organization management teams are expected to follow good coporate gorvanance practices (Bhimani, 2008). However , this is easisly said than done. Bhimani( 2008) argues that for an organization to meet their goals and maximize their shareholders value , agood regulator framework should be in place. Agency theory and coporate governance The agency theory determines the relationship between shareholders and the corporation management. According to the theory managers acts as agents for the shareholders. The agency theory reduces corporations into an entity involving the shareholders and their agents or more appropriately the management team. This theory simplyfies the relationships that exist in any given bussiness organizations. In that, it views corporate governance relations from the mangers and the shareholders perspective.as earlier noted corporate governance is a set of relationship between an organizations management, the organizations board ,the stakeholders and the other organization shareholders (Bhimani, 2008). These other stakeholders can range from regulators,creditors,suppliers,distributors, consumers,employees to the general public. They hold a stake in organizations , in that its behaviour can affect them directly or indirectly. It is ,therefore, in the interst of all these stakeholders that corporati ons be governed in a manner that remuneration all those concerned. The agency theory seeks to explain corporate governance from a more simplified perspect. The theory, therefore, view corporate governance as a beneficial relationship between the management and the shareholders. In other words managers are employed or appointed by shareholders to protect their investiments by overseeing eeficient daya to day running or their corporation (Bhimani, 2008). Corporate governance theories and hostile takeovers Several theories have been formulated to help explain corporate governance. In their paper Heath Norman (2004), argue that in absences of an effective regulator framework, corporate failures such asEnron can easily be repeated. Such huge failures ,have demostrated that greedy human nature, can easilytake over and run down even the big coporations. The self serving nature of management teams is evident in such failures ,where the interest of shareholders comes second to self interest. As such, various tools should be employed to help keep in check the behaviours of management teams responsible for failure. According to Franks and Mayer (1996) hostile takeovers are a market driven mechanism that can check ineffective management teams. Various schorals have, however, raised objections to the capability of hostile takeovers in checking management failure. Grossman Hart ( 1980) for instance, dispute this view. According to them, hostile takeovers are motivated by bidders self interest , rather, than to check management behaviour. In their view, bidders seek to maximize their investiments. Hostile takeovers , on the other hand, evoke different reactions from the various stakeholders. As earlier noted, the agency theory seeks to simplify the realationships existing in corporations, to be perceived as that involving managers and the organizations shareholders. However , the various actions undertaken by coporation management teams,does not affect the two parties alone. Management decision can affect the members of the general public, whose may seem to have no relation to the actions or events in a given company. As earlier mentioned, corporate governance can be seen to as a means of providing the structural regulatory framework. This structured regulatory framework, can be argued to have the capacity to enable an organization its achieve the organizations set objectives. The relationship between coporation management and that of its stakeholders, should also have mech anisms to monitor management performance to determine whether their objectives are met. Although, the stakeholders such as suppliers and creditors are often recognized ,corporate governance is mostly seen as related to shareholders and managers (Scharfstein, 1988). According to Bhimani (2008) managers are driven by self interest and at time undertake huge risks. On the other hand, he argues that the shareholders are only interested in maximum returns. Given such behaviour ,it is possible to understand why large corporations fail. Hostile take overs are seen as one of the mechanism that can ensure that management undertake their roles in an efficient manner in order to maximize their shareholders value. The takeover process and possible strategies by individual shareholders and raiders Hostile takeovers can be undertaken by corporations with similar assets as the targeted firm on in the same industry as their target. This is done in order to specialize in a given industry in order to gain larger market share. Dominant firms in any given industry are in most cases, those larger firms that control a large chunk of their given market. This control, often results in more market power. Corporations with immense market powers can be able to cut their operation costs either through the economy of scale or by undercutting their competition. On the extreme such firms gain the capability to dictate their product prices and make it difficult for new entries to gain substantial markets. Hostile takeovers can, therefore, be employed by corporations in order to gain market power or specialize in their given industry. Hostile takeovers can also be undertaken by corporate Management Buyout teams or corporate raiders. The management buyout teams (MBO) and corporate raiders, takeove r corporations purely to gain wealth and power. They operate through indentifying vulnerable firms; move in to takeover either by accumulating shares of their targeted firm or through direct negotiations. Hostile takeover gains, can at times result from merely under pricing the share value of the target firms. In such a case, the bidders gain wealth simply by buying their target firm. Most MBO Teams and corporate raiders operate on this premise. They make wealth simply by target firms that have under priced shares then buy them out increasing the value of their investment. Similarly, they can buyout vulnerable firms then change the management team to increase the value of the taken over corporation. For such a scenario to succeed, the management of the targeted firm has to be inefficient thus, operating the firm below its capacity. In such a case, by simply changing the management team the stock price of the target firm simply increases. Effects of potential hostile takeovers threat on corporation management The motives of hostile takeover are often not very direct. It is safe assumed, however, that most takeovers are driven by wealth gains. This can be either direct gain, where a corporation share prices are undervalued. Alternatively, indirect gains can be realized through cost cutting measures that can result, through gaining more market powers (Goergen Renneboog, 2004). Either of the above motives translates into better management for the new venture. In the first scenario undervalued corporation share prices translate to investment value lose for the targeted corporations shareholder. A takeover bid, can point out such discrepancies leading to corrections. Increased share value translates to wealth gain for the shareholders. This means that, the overall effect is that shareholders investments increase in value hence, maximizing their resources. The general motive of any business organizations is to maximize its shareholders value. The management teams, which act on behalf of their shareholders, are tasked to carry out this vital task. A hostile bid that results in such objectives being met can, therefore, be said to achieve its end. Hostile takeovers can be linked to good corporate governance practices. In that, corporations avoid being targets of potential takeover threats. The link between corporate governance and hostile takeovers can, therefore, be said to be the capability of hostile takeovers to keep managers in check. Managers ensure that they run their organizations, in such a way that, their efficiency deters potential hostile takeovers threats. In so doing, managers run their organizations more efficiently, to ensure that shareholders value is maximized to keep away looming potential hostile takeover bids. Other gains that can ensure efficient corporate governance include joint research, distribution, procurement among many combined operation capable of reducing operating costs. Reducing costs can have an overall effect of cutting wastages in corpor ations, which implies the application of good governance principles (Heath Norman, 2004). According to Bhimani ( 2008) corporate governance entails running organization efficiently to reduce the overall cost in organizations. In the recent years, however, there has been increased cases of higher managemant compensation and higher board honoriums. Their overall effects is that management increase the risks taken and misrepresent the financial reports, in a bid to make their organization more attractive to shareholders and other stakeholders (Heath Norman, 2004). Such underhand management practices can be said to be undertaken to keep looming hostile takeovers at bay. Takeover defenses Acting in ones best interest can be said to be second to human nature. As such, managers often act in self serving ways, putting the interest of their shareholders second to their interest. Bhaghat, Schleifer, Vishny ( 1990) argue ,that a substantial number of takeoverbids are often undertaken or detered to fulfill managements interest. Managers can undertake defensive measures against takeoverbids, to serve their own interest. According to (Bhaghat, Schleifer, Vishny ( 1990) one of the major results of takeovers is the laying off the top management teams. Given that it is predictable that takeovers results in management changes, managers can undertake defensive measures to ensure that their jobs are secure. Similarly hostile takeovers are accompanied by changes in corporation boards,defensive measures can be as a result of the self serving nature of humans. Despite such defensive self serving behaviours, defensive actions can be carried out to protect the erosion of shareholders v alue. This is particularly so,in areas where the bidders underprices their bids to gain wealth. In other words, as long as the defensive actions such as a fair price amendments can be undertaken to protect shareholders values. Given then ,that management can block hostile takeovers in order to protect their shareholders, such measueres should be allowed. It all depends, on the motive of disallowing the takeover. As noted earlier, hostile takeovers can gain more wealth for the shareholders. As such each case should be judged on its merits. Hostile takeovers benefactors Various stakeholders react differently to hostile takeovers. The reactions range from acceptance to outright rejection of the takeover bids. These varied reactions are often driven by the various self interests that different stakeholders hold. Hostile takeovers are often accompanied by changes in management, corporate structure and the general ways in which an organization is run. This implies that various players in a target corporate can either gain or lose from a hostile takeover. Franks Mayer (1996) argues that in most of the takeovers in the USA and Britain management changes were carried out. As such, we can argue that the first culpruits to fall when hostile takeovers are undertaken , are the management teams. Consindering this, then it is clear that the managements objection to takeover bids is not always to protect their shareholders. Franks Mayer (1996) argue that takeover motives can vary. In most cases, however, the bidders are driven by wealth gains. This is because, most target firms are often underprices and post-takeover periods are marked by significan rises in the new entitys value. The question that arises, is the sources these wealth gains. In an examination of over sixty hostile takeovers bids between 1984 to 1986 Bhaghat, Schleifer, Vishny (1990) found out that fifty two targeted firms were acquired. In their post-takeover analysis they concluded that in most cases the wealth of bidding firms increases. In their examination they also concluded that target firms gain from take over bids whether successful or not. In their examination of hostile takeovers (Bhaghat, Schleifer, Vishny (1990) post takeover operation were evaluated in order to find out the gainers in the takeover bids. divesture ,tax savings ,investment cuts and layoff operations after takeovers were examined to determine the gains made and those who benefitted. They also looked into the possibilitoes of taken over firms losing their investiment values. The authours noted that once takeovers were concluded and the merged entity operations harmonised it was impossible to determine or attribute any given gain to the target firm or the bidder. Their joint ac count records do not specify the origin of gains or loses made after operations of the two firms are combined. Howeever , their reasearch indicated that the first losers in the takeovers are employees in top management positions. The following layoffs according to their findings begins with the acquired firms top management team. Tax savings in the examined hostile takeovers were minimal implying that wealth is not gains from tax savings. They argue that gains made from tax savings are minimal in comparison to the gains made by laying off top employees. They did note, however, that the resulting entities make substantial tax reduction in their merged operations (Bhaghat, Schleifer, Vishny, 1990). The overall implication of these savings is reduction in the operation costs of the new entity. This proves the point tht in hostile takeovers the merged entity becomes more efficient since operation costs are significantly reduced. In additon, the debts incurred during the takeover are paid out in shorter periods reducing the interest rate burden on the new merged corporation. Their reaserch also concluded that once the firms merge they do not undertake major investiments. This means that the motives for hostile takeovers are not so that firms can increase their investiment. Share holders of the bidding firms were also found in some cases to lose the value of their investiment while the investiment value of the target corporation increases slightly. The most common characteristic that they found in the operations of the resulting corporations , was that targeted firms and bidders are most often in the same industry or closely related fields (Bhaghat, Schleifer, Vishny, 1990). This suggest that one of the motives of hostile takeovers is to corner the industry market. This is because the resultant firms most often become big players in their given industry. One of the gains that result from hostile take overs is an enlarged market. This therefore implies that future operations of the resultant firm can gain immensely from the economy of scales. The bidding firms also gains market shares in regions where it previsouly had no presence. Similarly majority of the targeted firms ,often have similar assets to those of the larger bidder. This implies that in most cases, hostile takeovers represent an attempt by corporation to specialization in areas where they have invested substatial assets. In such cases the gains that motivate hostil e take overs seems to be cost saving strategies, resulting from the new joint operation. Under such consinderations, we can argue that some of the hostile take overs are driven by future gains rather that immediate wealth increament for the shareholders. In addition, large corporations dominate their given industry. Thus , hostile takeover can be power driven as corporations seek to dominate their industry to gain market power. This can enable such firms to dictate prices and undercut their competition. Hostile takeovers can also simply earn the bidders wealth. This is especially so in cases where the stock value of the targetted firm is undervalued. These kind of hostile takeovers are often undertaken by corporate Management Buyout teams or corporate raiders. Simply put, they buyout underpriced corporations, and by merely doing so, gain additional value for their investments. The management buyout teams (MBO) and corporate raiders, takeover corporations purely to gain wealth and power. They indentify vulnerable firms with undervalued stocks or inefficient management teams. Hostile takeover gains, can at times also result from merely under pricing the share value of the target firms. The bidders, therefore, gain wealth while the targeted firms shareholders lose theirs. During negotiations the bidders simply offer to buy firms at lower values knowing that by doing so they are gaining wealth. In such a case, the bidders gain wealth simply by buying their target firm. Most MBO Teams and corporate raiders operate on this premise (Bhaghat, Schleifer, Vishny, 1990). They make wealth simply by target firms that have under priced shares then buy them out increasing the value of their investment. Similarly they can buyout vulnerable firms then change the management team to increase the value of the taken over corporation. For such a scenario to succeed, the management of the targeted firm has to be inefficient thus, operating the firm below its capacity. Changing the management, therefore, increases the value of the targeted firm. Hostile takeovers can also be instigated by a firms management purely for personal gains. In such a case, both the bidders shareholders and targeted firms shareholders can gain from the hostile takeover (Franks Mayer, 1996). In that most hostile takeovers become public, the publicity puts the takeover bid under scrutiny helping the targeted shareholders realize that their stock is underpriced. In other case, other bidders emerge offering better prices. As mentioned earlier takeovers can be carried out in a bid to gain more market power. This often the case with bidders targeting firms in the same industry (Schwert, 2000 ). This means, that the bidding shareholders can fail to gain from such an undertaking. In that, if the hostile takeover motive is to corner the market, the bidder may end up overpaying the target. Such a hostile takeover bid is often driven by the management, and is undertaken to achieve management teams expansion strategies. In such a case, the target shareholders end up gaining wealth. On the other hand the bidders shareholders, stands to gain from their management long-term strategies. This can be accrued through future savings, as well as, pricing advantages and cost cutting gains through economies of scale. In other words, the bidders shareholders, in management driven hostile takeover have no immediate wealth gains. Instead they end up paying the target more that their stock value. This implies that they lose wealth while the bidders gain more wealth. For every case, therefore, wealth loses to the bidders shareholders, implies wealth gains to target shareholders. In most cases as mentioned earlier the publicity that results from hostile takeovers often results in competition for the targeted company. This, inevitably increase the value of the target stock prices. In most cases, target shareholders end up gaining in the majority of hostile takeovers (Bhaghat, Schleifer, Vishny, 1990). Additionally, by announcing takeover bids, share prices for the target firms often increase. This also increases the value of target shareholders stock. Hostile takeovers can also result in operation efficiency. In that joining operations firms can gain through combined marketing, research, headquarters, and distribution among other combined operations. Conclusions The link between corporate governance and hostile takeovers can be said to be, the ability of hostile takeovers to keep managers in check. Managers ensure that they run their organizations, in such a way that, their efficiency deters potential hostile takeovers threats. Acting in ones best interest can be said to be second to human nature. As such, managers often act in self serving ways, putting the interest of their shareholders second to their interest. This means that some of the hostile takeovers, are undertaken to serve the interest of managers. This can be ,to expand the bussiness by divesting or increasing their market shares through acquisations. Such moves,can lead to the bidders overpaying for their target. The process cana also be open to manipulation by management teams in order to serve their own interest. As earlier noted in absence of efficient coporate governance, corporations can fail.Such huge failures ,have demostrated that greedy human nature, can easilytake over and run down even the big coporations. The self serving nature of management teams is evident in such failures ,where the interest of shareholders comes second to self interest. As such, various tools should be employed to help keep in check the behaviours of management teams and prevent failure. Hostile takeovers, have demostrated the capacity to keep such failure in check. In addition shareholders can also gain from hostile takeovers by increasing the value of their investments. This can happen by bringing efficiency in the corporate world.However , hostile takeovers can also earn the bidders shareholders wealth. This occurs, where the stock value of the targetted firm is undervalued. In addition, hostile takeover can accrue gains to bidders simply by under pricing the share value of the target firms. The bidders, therefore, gain wealth while the targeted firms shareholders lose theirs. However, the joint ventures resulting from hostile takeovers often enjoy combined operation ad vantages such as procurement, marketing, research, joint overall operations and distribution. This helps shareholders, increase their investments value and maximize their investments achieving the overall objective of corporate governance. Buy custom Hostile Takeovers essay

Privacy about Emailing, AIM or MSN Messenger Essay

Privacy about Emailing, AIM or MSN Messenger - Essay Example It can be a privacy issue because it can identify the location of the user to the receiver because their I.P address is indicated during the process. This is dangerous especially when the user logs into insecure chat rooms to talk to individuals who are strangers. The internet messaging services share a similar implication to emailing, and can easily be applied to forward spam messaging that generate slow progress towards completion of delegated duties. The other provision that the IM and emailing service provide is witnessed in the transfer of viruses that could be transferred from one machine across a network. There is privacy breached in accessing information about the user even when there is no logging process because the information is accorded the server. These systems have proved vulnerable to breach with the society containing system hackers who are capable of obtaining information through tracing vital information on the server system. Recommended technological Solutions The first realization that users should note is that the IM system is not the most secure means to relay information or store vital individual components. There should be application of alternative means if the nature of the information being passed is important in achieving progress (Willner 5). There are limited measures to hide the IP address but an option is given to seize using the automatic logging process. The sites should be accessed only on necessary areas with a careful observation to reduce the online time. AOL has been developed to limit the amount of messages that a server is capable of transmitting. It further applies measures to gain control over the recipient of the messages. This may be implemented through blocking the person that is to receive the message and only allow access when there is the need. In controlling the rate of virus transfer between machines, there should be identification of the secure files. This measure is applied in attributing the source of the r eceived files. The valuable contribution that can be connected to this problem is via applying updated antivirus software in the machine. There is a measure that is applied to block or reduce the IM service through shutting down ports. Moreover, there needs to be an implementation of security policies that define their operations. These rules are expected to regulate on the utilization f the type of software in the policies, and the legislative measure that would be implemented when the set regulations are breached. Before engaging in any communication exercise, the message logging can be disabled. ICQ is provides a system for automatic logging on first users, but the option can be disabled to reduce security risks. This is then vital because the users are not identified during the log in process. Developed Solutions The solutions to reduce the privacy risks are witnessed in applying the measures to hide the identity of user information by disabling the automated logging system. Thi s is applied by most individuals who access the IM systems on pubic environs like in the cyber cafes. These areas provide minimal security for personal information, and the individual may be exposed to demeaning acts that may threaten to invade their private life setting. The measure that can be applied to ensure that the security is maintained would be through clearing the

Education quiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education quiz - Essay Example Literal interpretation of written works also restricts them to understand emotions and to draw conclusions from written texts. The diversity of the requirements for understanding something demands effort from them which if not met could have the learner socially incapacitated. b. What instructional accommodations are generally recommended for students who experience this exceptionality? (For the sake of brevity, limit yourself to no more than three important accommodations. You do NOT have to elaborate, other than perhaps a sentence for each one.) To help such students, teachers are encouraged to give explicit instructions made simple so that the learners can be able to follow. Daily reviews would be a great help to assist them in retaining information that are important especially in the learning process. Since the understanding of a learning disabled student is limited, modeling is very helpful as it would be easy for them to understand what they see put in action than things expre ssed in words. 2. With respect to students who experience ADHD: a. In what way does this exceptionality affect the individual’s literacy development? For students with ADHD, their learning development could limit them to the very few things that they able to concentrate on. As ADHD learners usually have difficulty in focusing to a certain task, the possibility that an assignment could be completed could be far from possible. They usually exert more effort in keeping still to finish a certain task especially when it comes to writing so their communication skills can be affected. Reading could be a lesser trouble for them but being unable to concentrate in the task also affects their understanding as well as the acquisition of important information received in reading. b. What instructional accommodations are generally recommended for students who experience this

The Background of Organisational Change Management

The Background of Organisational Change Management Huber, Sutctiffe, Miller, and Glick (1993) conducted several literature reviews and found that characteristics of an organizations environment constitute a major category of factors that lead to organizational change. Turbulence, competitiveness, and complexity are environmental characteristics identified as determinants of organizational change (Aldrich 1979, Huber 1984, Hrebiniak and Joyce 1985, Mohrman 1989). In the Huber, Sutcliffe, Miller, and Glick (1993) study of 119 heterogeneous organizations, the researchers found that environmental turbulence as well as environmental competitiveness interacting with organizational sizes are highly significant predictors of organizational change. In an important study with public sector implications, Meyer (1979) found in his study of U.S. government finance agencies that the structure and behavior of public organizations are highly influenced by environmental forces. In another early study, McKelvey (1982) determined that the vast majority of changes in organizations are caused by external forces rather than internal forces. Organization Chosen for assignment As per requirement of this assignment I have chosen a case study analysis of three of the largest producers in the industry: Broken Hill Proprietary (BHP) Coal, Rio Tinto/Conzinc Rio Tinto (CRA) and Atlantic Richfield (Arco). Change factors Following are the main factors involved in organizational change Cultural Environment Economic Environment Forces within corporation Competitive pressure and personal resources Outside pressures Psychological factors The cultural environment The tolerance, even eagerness, of many executives for large-scale changes in their organizations has been stimulated by developments within the field of management itself. In the past several decades a start has been made at codifying the principles and practices of management, at least to a point where one can talk of the art of management. This development has reached a point where the leading practitioners and theorists usually agree at least tentatively about desirable and undesirable aspects of organizational patterns and practices. This means that there is a built-in dynamic within the field of management which is exerting varying degrees of pressure on executives to bring their organizations more nearly in line with the most modern doctrines. Since business practice is constantly evolving, management theory is constantly being revised, expanded, and refined. As senior executives acquire a new and deeper understanding about the ways in which large enterprises can more effective ly do their work, they are more ready to experiment with change. (Eli Ginzberg, and others, Columbia University Press, 1957) The economic environment The economic environment exerts great pressure on business enterprises to introduce changes. During the past several decades the American economy has so expanded that today it is truly a continental market, reinforced by significant interests abroad. The efficient exploitation of opportunities within a country as large as the United States requires organizations that can respond constantly and quickly to the needs and desires of the industries and customers they serve. One of the major forces leading to decentralizationthe outstanding illustration of contemporary change in large organizationshas been the desire of more and more corporations to take advantage of the rich opportunities offered by the continental market. (Eli Ginzberg, and others, Columbia University Press, 1957) Forces within the corporation American management is also encouraged to adopt a positive attitude toward change by forces originating largely within the corporation itself as it responds to new developments in ownership, management, technology, and production. Each will be briefly illustrated in turn. The retirement or death of a builder of a large enterprise is likely to be followed by a significant change in the organizations structure; the professional managerial group is immediately more ready to entertain and act upon recommendations for change. They can adopt a more objective view of the organization; change is not an admission of their prior errors. In fact, being professional managers, they can find real satisfaction in their work only by submitting themselves and the organizations they run to objective criteria of performance. (Eli Ginzberg, and others, Columbia University Press, 1957) Competitive pressures and personnel resources A major proof of dynamic management is its ability to perceive correctly and to respond effectively to conditions that necessitate organizational and other changes to insure the continual profitable growth of the enterprise. The decision in principle that a program of change is required for the long-run welfare of the organization is a necessary but not sufficient basis for action. Management must determine that the gains will justify the costs. The key considerations are the competitive position and personnel resources of the organization. (Eli Ginzberg, and others, Columbia University Press, 1957) Outside pressures In preparing a background to change, management must consider, in addition to financial and personnel resources, the pressures exerted on the company from the outside. Periods of economic depression, which bring large losses and threats of bankruptcy, frequently exert pressure for change. A management may conclude that the companys best chance of survival lies in the rapid institution of major changes. An oppressive external situation may lead personnel to accept changes which would otherwise be strenuously opposed and may also help management to overcome whatever inhibitions it still retains about entering upon a radical departure from previous practices. (Eli Ginzberg, and others, Columbia University Press, 1957). Psychological Factors in Change The illustrative materials in the opening chapter underscore the extent to which organizational change depends in the final analysis on the ability of the president and other senior executives to establish new patterns of behavior. Only to the extent that they stop acting and reacting as they have long been accustomed and start responding in new ways can a program of organizational change be successfully implemented. It is therefore appropriate to consider whatever insights or generalizations can be garnered from psychologythe science of behavior in the hope that we can better understand and thereby control the process of change. Unfortunately for these purposes, psychologists have seldom concerned themselves with the study of directed change in hierarchical organizations, so their work is tangential to the problem at hand and will prove useful only to the extent that it can be adapted. (Eli Ginzberg, and others, Columbia University Press, 1957) Change Bureaucratic Organization Theory of Bureaucracy A great structure of specialized competencies has grown up around the chain of command. Organizations have grown in size because they must be able fully to employ the new specialists and the specialized equipment associated with them if the organizations are to meet their competition. As more specialists appear and the organization continues to grow in size, it becomes necessary to group employees into units, and the units into larger units. Some of the larger of these units in government have been called bureaus, and so the kind of organization resulting from this process has been called bureaucracy. (These units were called bureaus from the French word for writing table or desk.) The great German sociologist, Max Weber, was the first to attempt a systematic theory of bureaucratic organization. His views remain important to us not only because of his enormous influence on American social scientists, but also because of the continuing validity of much of his analysis. Weber pictured an evolution of organizational forms in terms of the kind of authority relations within them. At one extreme is a simple, relatively no specialized kind of organization in which followers give almost unqualified obedience to a leader endowed with charismapresumed unusual, generally magical powers. Such organization was primitive in the sense that it was based upon belief in magic. Since their prerogatives depended upon their leaders charisma, his immediate staff felt insecure and sought a firmer legitimating of these prerogatives. Their fears came to a head at the time of succession in the leadership. Reutilization of methods used to obtain a successor and thus to secure staff prero gatives resulted in the traditionalistic form of organization. Monarchy would be an example. (Victor A. Thompson, Alfred A. Knopf, 1961) Strengths The bureaucratic organization is the arena where science and technology are applied. With a few rapidly disappearing exceptions, such as medicine, we can say that the application and development of science and technology depend upon bureaucratic organization. Modern bureaucratic organization is the most productive arrangement of human effort that man has thus far contrived. Its ability to accomplish objective organizational goals has produced the highest standard of living yet achieved by man, while allowing populations to expand enormously at the same time. Dependence upon highly trained specialists requires appointment by merit rather than election or political appointment. It requires a system of assured careers; otherwise, the individual would not invest the time needed to acquire specialized skill. It requires that the organization have a definite and reasonably assured division of work into defined jobs or offices. The trained specialist would not usually allow himself to be used as a jack-of-all-trades. In fact, the division of work in organisation for the most part simply follows the existing specializations in society at large. Weaknesses As Weber said, charismatic forms of organization give way to bureaucracy because the former are inadequate for daily, regularized activity. Charisma functions in new situations and is not compatible with highly defined situations. Charismatic organization is dependent upon the reputed genius of individuals and is, therefore, unstable and precarious. To secure stability, continuity, and predictability of product, the activities of the organization are reduced to procedures or routines. Routinization of organizational activity is implicit in the process of specialization and is a characteristic of bureaucracy. Specialization requires a stable environment and a guarantee of continuity of function. Within the organization, the specialist must practice his specialtya group of related routines. Although managerial ideology still strongly contains the charismatic image, bureaucratic organisation seek to avoid dependence upon individuals by reducing relevant information to classes, and organ izational activity to routines which are activated when the appropriate class of information is perceived. It would seem, therefore, that the advance of specialization requires routinization, one of the central characteristics of bureaucratic organization. (Victor A. Thompson; Alfred A. Knopf, 1961) Alternative Forms of Organizational Change Development Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change in Organizations Change is classified as evolutionary change gradual and incremental, or revolutionary change, sudden and drastic. Evolutionary change adds small adjustments to strategy and structure to handle environmental changes. Revolutionary change results in new operating methods, goals and structure. Three ways to implement revolutionary change are reengineering, restructuring and innovation. Socio-technical systems theory. Total quality management method. Flexible workers and flexible work teams method. (www.scribd.com/doc/13754469/chapter-10-type-and-form-of-organizational-change) Revolutionary Reengineering Restructuring Innovation (www.scribd.com/doc/13754469/chapter-10-type-and-form-of-organizational-change) Five Forces Model The Five Forces Model which is also known as Porters Five Forces Model is a simple but powerful tool for understanding where power lies in a business situation. This is useful, because it helps you understand both the strength of your current competitive position, and the strength of a position youre looking to move into. Supplier Power: Some of the world known companies are the suppliers of Broken Hill Proprietary (BHP) Coal, Rio Tinto/Conzinc Rio Tinto (CRA) and Atlantic Richfield (Arco), while the company has its own manufacturing units where they produce certain kind of products, so they are not relying on just outside the organization supplier, so there is not too much chances that of the supplier power will high the cost of the proposed change. Buyer Power: The number of users of customers of Broken Hill Proprietary (BHP) Coal, Rio Tinto/Conzinc Rio Tinto (CRA) and Atlantic Richfield (Arco) products and services increases day by day so the buyer power is high, and it will be a good sign to have a good number of buyers of their new services in order to keep the pricing of services minimum but the company generate more revenue and good pay back of the investment. Competitive Rivalry: There are some competitors in the market but they are limited to just few minor areas, so Broken Hill Proprietary (BHP) Coal, Rio Tinto/Conzinc Rio Tinto (CRA) and Atlantic Richfield (Arco) have many advantages over their competitors and the proposed change will attract much more customers towards these services and increase the market share and revenue. Threat of Substitution: The threat of substitute is minimum. Threat of New Entry: There always remains threat of new entry when your company is operating in market, but for Broken Hill Proprietary (BHP) Coal, Rio Tinto/Conzinc Rio Tinto (CRA) and Atlantic Richfield (Arco) in introducing the new change, this factor will not be too valuable as for other organizations, because they have the vastest networks of their business and provide good and flexible services. EFQM Models Analysis EFQM model known as European Foundation for Quality Management is a framework for organizational management. This model helps organizations in developing their strategy towards the achievement of their goals. The EFQM Excellence Model is a practical tool to help organizations do this by measuring where they are on the path to excellence; helping them understand the gaps; and then stimulating solutions. The key strength areas in Broken Hill Proprietary (BHP) Coal, Rio Tinto/Conzinc Rio Tinto (CRA) and Atlantic Richfield (Arco) which need to invest more attention in order to make improvement are to make initiatives to take on board all the stakeholders, providing extended services through the wireless local loop is having very potentials in the current era. So this area needs to invest which will generate much more revenue and quick payback of the money which will be invested. Current or Future Change initiatives (as leader) When involve in change process a leader of the change team I will feel the responsibility of the overall management of the change process form the initial stage to the full implementation of the process and their after effects. As a leader I will ensure that all of the change management team will have clear idea of the change for which we are going on, what will be the benefits of that after the accomplishment of process. I will make sure to take all the stakeholders of organization on board, and continuously update the higher management and board of directors about the current status of the change. My focus will be on the change equation in which to minimize the resistance to change for reducing the dissatisfaction among my team members, providing my co members clear vision and understanding of the impacts of change on the overall activities and operations at my department especially. And then involve the whole team to initiate first steps and work as team and promote the team spirit among my team members. Using Transition Curve To best ensure that I will remain in contact with the feelings of people in my core team about that I will keep in touch with all my team members during the daily activities of change process and will facilitate them in performing their tasks. It is also important to understand keep in touch with team members, if they facing some problems other than the duties of their job, provide them consultancy on how to come with solutions to their problems. I will have a good appraisal system to appreciate the work of my team members. If the team members face some problems in performing their duties or having lack of technical knowledge then I will suggest the management to organize some training and development activities like workshop to update the technical team members with latest tools and knowledge. Conclusion Organisational change can be defined as the change in the organisation operations, structure and business which has significant impact on the way the work is performed in that organisation. Organisation change makes the gap apparent between how the work is done currently and where the management wants or see that to be. Simply organisational change may be a result of the work area identifying goals that they want to be achieving. Organizational change is about significant change in organization like reorganization or launching new product or services, it may be not a smaller change like adopting new software procedures or systems. There are different types of change models available for organizations but the use of these models depends upon the type of organization, the market in which they are in operation, they way their competitors perform, and core competencies. The five forces model is also known as Porters Five Forces Model is a simple but powerful tool for understanding where power lies in a business situation. This is useful, because it helps you understand both the strength of your current competitive position, and the strength of a position youre looking to move into.